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<title>Transverse engine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transverse engine</span></span>

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<p>A <b>transverse engine</b> is an <a href="Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's <a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> axis is <a href="Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the direction of travel. Many modern <a href="Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> vehicles use this arrangement. Most <a href="Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> vehicles use a <a href="Longitudinal_engine" title="Longitudinal engine">longitudinal engine</a>, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel. (Some <a href="Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">rear-mid engine</a> vehicles use a transverse engine and <a href="Transaxle" title="Transaxle">transaxle</a> mounted in the rear instead of the front). Transverse engines save space in light vehicles, and are used on <a href="Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a> for the same reason.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Critchley_Light_car" title="Critchley Light car">Critchley light car</a>, made by the <a href="Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler Motor Company</a> in 1899, had a transverse engine with <a href="Belt_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt drive">belt drive</a> to the rear axle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise199561_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise199561-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19729_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19729-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder <a href="DKW_F1" title="DKW F1">DKW F1</a> series of cars, which first appeared in 1931.

</p><p>During WWII, transverse engines were developed for armored vehicles, with the Soviet <a href="T-44" title="T-44">T-44</a> and <a href="T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54/T-55</a> <a href="Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> being equipped with transverse engines to save space within the hull. The T-54/55 eventually became the most produced tank in history.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_use">Postwar use</h3></div>

<p>After the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a> used the configuration in their first model, the <a href="Saab_92" title="Saab 92">Saab 92</a>, in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrangement was also used for <a href="Borgward" title="Borgward">Borgward</a>'s <a href="Goliath_(company)" title="Goliath (company)">Goliath</a> and <a href="Hansa_(company)" title="Hansa (company)">Hansa</a> brand cars.

The <a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a>-built <a href="Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a>, which appeared in 1957, also had a transversely mounted two stroke engine, and this design was kept until the end of production, in 1991.

However, it was with <a href="Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a>'s <a href="Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>, introduced by the <a href="British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a> in 1959, that the design gained acclaim. Issigonis incorporated the car's <a href="Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> into the engine's <a href="Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">sump</a>, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only 4 feet (1.2 m) wide. While previous DKW and Saab cars used small, unrefined <a href="Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a> <a href="Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">two-stroke</a> engines with poor performance, the gearbox-in-sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four-cylinder water-cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini, providing strong performance for a car of its size. Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout (the entire drivetrain only took up 20% of the car's length), this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car.

</p><p>This design reached its peak starting with <a href="Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a>'s elaboration of it for <a href="Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>. He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the <a href="Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a> off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily. The <a href="Half_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Half shaft">half shafts</a> from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, which would have made the car's steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same. Giacosa's layout was first used in the <a href="Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula">Autobianchi Primula</a> in 1964 and later in the popular <a href="Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a>. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. This layout, still in use today, also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design.

</p><p>The <a href="Lamborghini_Miura" title="Lamborghini Miura">Lamborghini Miura</a> used a transverse mid-mounted <a href="Lamborghini_V12" title="Lamborghini V12">4.0-litre V12</a>. This configuration was unheard of in 1965, but became more common in the following decades, with cars such as the <a href="Lancia_Montecarlo" title="Lancia Montecarlo">Lancia Montecarlo</a>, <a href="Noble_Automotive_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Automotive Ltd">Noble M12</a>, <a href="Toyota_MR2" title="Toyota MR2">Toyota MR2</a>, <a href="Fiero" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiero">Pontiac Fiero</a>, and <a href="Honda_NSX_(first_generation)" title="Honda NSX (first generation)">first-generation Honda NSX</a> using such a powertrain design.

</p><p>The <a href="Land_Rover_Freelander" title="Land Rover Freelander">Land Rover LR2 Freelander</a>, along with all Volvo models from 1998 on (including V8 models), employ a transversely-mounted engine in order to increase passenger space inside the vehicle. This has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact, due to more longitudinal engine compartment space being created. The result is a larger front <a href="Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">crumple zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Transverse engines have been widely used in buses. In the United States, they were offered in the early 1930s by <a href="Twin_Coach" title="Twin Coach">Twin Coach</a> and used with limited success in Dwight Austin's Pickwick Nite-Coach. Transverse bus engines first appeared widely in the <a href="Yellow_Coach_Manufacturing_Company" title="Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company">Yellow Coach</a> 719, using Dwight Austin's V-drive; they continued in common use until the 1990s, though shorter V-configuration engines in a longitudinal "T-drive" configuration became common in the 1960s. Transverse engines were used in the British <a href="Leyland_Atlantean" title="Leyland Atlantean">Leyland Atlantean</a>, in many transit buses, and in nearly all modern <a href="Double_decker_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Double decker bus">double decker buses</a>. They have been widely used by <a href="Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a>, <a href="Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo</a> and <a href="Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>'s bus divisions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_placement_of_transverse_engines">Position placement of transverse engines</h2></div>

<p>Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:

</p>

<ul><li>Front-engine transversely-mounted / Front-wheel drive</li>

<li>Rear mid-engine transversely-mounted / Rear-wheel drive</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_types_of_transversely_placed_engines">Common types of transversely placed engines</h2></div>

<p>Space allowed for engines within the front wheel wells is commonly limited to the following:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Single_cylinder_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Single cylinder engine">Single cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-twin_engine" title="Straight-twin engine">Inline-two</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-three_engine" title="Straight-three engine">Inline-three</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">Inline-four</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-five_engine" title="Straight-five engine">Inline-five</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">Inline-six</a> (for rear-engined buses)</li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Less_common_types_of_transversely-placed_engines">Less common types of transversely-placed engines</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">Inline-six</a>: <a href="Austin_Kimberley" title="Austin Kimberley">Austin Kimberley, Tasman</a>; <a href="BMC_ADO17" title="BMC ADO17">Austin 2200, Morris 2200, Wolseley Six)</a>; <a href="Princess_(car)" title="Princess (car)">Austin/Morris 2200 HL, Wolseley Saloon, Princess</a>; <a href="Daewoo_Magnus" title="Daewoo Magnus">Daewoo Magnus</a> (aka Chevrolet Epica/Evanda, Suzuki Verona); <a href="Daewoo_Tosca" title="Daewoo Tosca">Daewoo Tosca</a> (aka Chevrolet/Holden Epica); <a href="Land_Rover_Freelander#Freelander_2_(L359;_2006–2014)" title="Land Rover Freelander">Land Rover Freelander 2</a> (aka LR2); <a href="Volvo_S80" title="Volvo S80">Volvo S80</a>; <a href="Volvo_S60#Second_generation_(2010)" title="Volvo S60">Volvo S60 (2nd generation, also V60)</a>; <a href="Volvo_V70#Third_generation_(2007-2016)" title="Volvo V70">Volvo V70 (3rd generation)</a>; <a href="Volvo_XC60" title="Volvo XC60">Volvo XC60</a>; <a href="Volvo_XC90" title="Volvo XC90">Volvo XC90</a></li>

<li><a href="V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a>: <a href="Buick_LaCrosse#LaCrosse_Super_(2008–2009)" title="Buick LaCrosse">Buick LaCrosse LaCrosse Super (2008–2009)</a>, <a href="Cadillac_Allant%C3%A9" title="Cadillac Allanté">Cadillac Allanté</a>, <a href="Ford_Taurus_SHO#Third_generation_(1996–1999)" title="Ford Taurus SHO">Ford Taurus SHO (3rd generation)</a>, <a href="Hyundai_Equus#First_generation_(LZ/YJ;_1999–2009)" title="Hyundai Equus">Hyundai Equus/Centennial (1st generation)</a>, <a href="Lancia_Thema#Thema_8.32" title="Lancia Thema">Lancia Thema 8.32</a>, <a href="Lincoln_Continental#Ninth_generation_(1995–2002)" title="Lincoln Continental">Lincoln Continental (1995-2002 only)</a>, <a href="Mitsubishi_Dignity" title="Mitsubishi Dignity">Mitsubishi Dignity</a>, <a href="Mitsubishi_Proudia" title="Mitsubishi Proudia">Mitsubishi Proudia</a>, <a href="Oldsmobile_Aurora" title="Oldsmobile Aurora">Oldsmobile Aurora</a>, <a href="Volvo_S80" title="Volvo S80">Volvo S80</a>, <a href="Volvo_XC90" title="Volvo XC90">Volvo XC90</a></li>

<li><a href="V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12</a> (mid-engine only): <a href="Lamborghini_Miura" title="Lamborghini Miura">Lamborghini Miura</a></li>

<li><a href="V16_engine" title="V16 engine">V16</a> (mid-engine only): <a href="Cizeta-Moroder_V16T" title="Cizeta-Moroder V16T">Cizeta-Moroder V16T</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_convention_with_twin-cylinder_motorcycles">Alternative convention with twin-cylinder motorcycles</h2></div>

<p>The description of the orientation of V-twin and flat-twin motorcycle engines sometimes differs from the convention as stated above. Motorcycles with a <a href="V-twin_engine" title="V-twin engine">V-twin engine</a> mounted with its crankshaft parallel to the direction of travel, e.g. the <a href="AJS_S3_V-twin" title="AJS S3 V-twin">AJS S3 V-twin</a>, <a href="Indian_841" title="Indian 841">Indian 841</a>, Victoria Bergmeister, <a href="Honda_CX_series" title="Honda CX series">Honda CX series</a> and several <a href="Moto_Guzzi" title="Moto Guzzi">Moto Guzzis</a> since the 1960s, are said to have "transverse" engines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke201044_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201044-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrubb197585_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubb197585-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise199561-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise199561_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise1995">Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995</a>, p. 61.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19729-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19729_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1972">Smith 1972</a>, p. 9.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobson2010">Robson 2010</a>, p. 17.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026112051/http://www.autozine.org/html/Volvo/S80.html">"Volvo S80"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autozine.org/html/Volvo/S80.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070707003920/http://www.landrovercary.com/lr2-safety.htm">"LR2 Safety Features"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landrovercary.com/lr2-safety.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104165259/http://www.scania.com/news/press_releases/2005/q4/n05048en.asp">"Scania at Busworld 2005: New range of Scania buses and coaches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scania.com/news/press_releases/2005/q4/n05048en.asp">the original</a> on 2008-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201044-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke201044_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2010">Clarke 2010</a>, p. 44.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrubb197585-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrubb197585_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrubb1975">Grubb 1975</a>, p. 85.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFClarke2010" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Massimo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7U524TamcUC&pg=PA44"><i>Modern Motorcycle Technology: How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works</i></a>. Minneapolis, MN USA: MotorBooks International. p. 44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7603-3819-3</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-31</span></span>. <q>Moto Guzzi's transverse V-twins are unique among motorcycles, while Ducati, in keeping with the classical school, uses a longitudinal V, meaning the axis of rotation of the crankshaft is transverse to the frame.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglas-Scott-MontaguBurgess-Wise1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Edward_Douglas-Scott-Montagu%2C_3rd_Baron_Montagu_of_Beaulieu" title="Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu">Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington</a> & <a href="David_Burgess-Wise" title="David Burgess-Wise">Burgess-Wise, David</a> (1995). <i>Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker</i>. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85260-494-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrubb1975" class="citation journal cs1">Grubb, Jake (March 1975). Linkletter, John A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA82">"Easy riders—the grand touring motorcycles for '75"</a>. <i><a href="Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. <b>143</b> (3). New York, NY USA: Hearst: <span class="nowrap">82–</span>85, <span class="nowrap">126–</span>127. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-31</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Graham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNOwfd8C6-AC&pg=PA17"><i>Saab 96 & V4</i></a>. Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-845842-56-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith1972" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brian E. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP5TAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Daimler Tradition</i></a>. Isleworth, UK: Transport Bookman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>085184-014-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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